🖥️introduction

In the past few years, we have witnessed the rapid development of the blockchain industry. The influx of capital, users and builders has made the entire industry have unprecedented development and potential. However, blockchain is still somewhat in its infancy, and the infrastructure is still maturing. One of the biggest challenges is the low transaction throughput of public blockchain systems.

Public blockchain systems, especially Ethereum, the largest public programmable blockchain, can process up to 23 transactions per second in the best case, far less than traditional centralized systems.

There are many reasons for the congestion of the Ethereum network, such as the POW consensus algorithm, nodes repeat the verification process of all transactions, and the serial execution of transactions; based on the above reasons, many projects are trying to expand Ethereum through different means. Method 1: Launch a new public blockchain, independent of Ethereum, using faster consensus algorithms or faster transaction execution to achieve higher TPS, such as BSC[11], SZK Worldna, Aptos, etc.; Method 2: The Ethereum side chain uses a faster consensus algorithm, and then periodically synchronizes to Ethereum, such as Polygon, Optimism, Arbitrum, etc.; method 3: ZKW-VM, the second layer network of Ethereum, uses ZK technology to solve the problem of repeated execution of transactions Problems like Polygon Hermez , Zksync etc.

Scaling isn't the only long-term problem for ethereum and blockchain more generally.

The ZK-World team believes that the next key function to be realized is the integration with artificial intelligence. As a decentralized network, the blockchain means that all transactions that occur on the chain mean that the state changes that contain asset information related to an address or account are open and transparent. Excessive transparency of information can lead to:

1. The MEV (Maximum Extractable Value) problem. Miners can selectively include transactions based on its fees, resulting in transactions with lower fees being less likely to be processed, forcing users to increase their fees, if at all. Even more worrisome:

2. Front-end operation and review attacks, through the means of MEV. Block producers in programmable blockchains can use MEV to leverage certain smart contracts deployed on the blockchain (such as DEXes and other DeFi products). They can also censor certain addresses. Such an attack could be that a miner or block producer sees a buy order in the mempool (where transactions that are not yet attached to the blockchain are stored) and adds their own buy order on that particular DEX. order, thereby increasing the price of a given token. Another transaction added was a sell order for a given token, and a third order was a third-party buy order for the newly added price. This has led to huge security issues, and hackers have managed to steal around $2 billion in assets over the past year.

3. User data ownership issues, asset information and address transaction information can be monitored and used, which is contrary to the vision of Web3. So, when the scaling problem is solved, privacy will be the next urgent feature to implement. In the blockchain world, privacy is not a new topic, it has been researched and supported by the Zcash team for a long time.

Through the blessing of AI artificial intelligence, we will be able to resist censorship attacks, calculate MEV maximization, protect user data and other issues, and hand them over to AI for processing, and ZKVM will become its controllable basic formula.